Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 2026, vol. 28, pp. 673-687

Bharati Patil1, Mohammad Yusuf2, Tripti Gupta3, Zaid Abdulhamid Alhulaybi Albin Zaid2, Abdulrazak Jinadu Otaru2, Sagar Kolekar4 This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

1. Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, India
2. King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
3. Ramdeobaba University, India
4. Symbiosis International (Deemed University), India
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https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

Due to the accumulation of synthetic dyes in water bodies, it is important to develop efficient and sustainable adsorbents from renewable waste resources. The hydrothermal carbonization of waste goat bones (WGB) was successfully carried out to produce goat bone hydrochar powder (GBHP), which was used to remove malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. BET, FESEM, XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural and surface properties of GBHP. The prepared hydrochar had a high specific surface area of 16.8 m²/g, an average pore diameter of 4.6 nm, and a pore volume of 0.139 cm³/g, which are ideal for creating many available hydrochar adsorption sites. The optimum conditions for batch adsorption experiments were found to be 40 mg L⁻¹ initial MG concentration, 1.5 g adsorbent dosage, pH 6, 90 min contact time, and 308 K, with nearly 97% removal of dye. This adsorption behavior was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.9901) and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption onto energetically uniform active sites. The negative Gibbs free energy of adsorption (ΔG° = −2.690 to −2.651 kJ mol⁻¹) and exothermic nature (ΔH = −3.451 kJ mol⁻¹) of the process were obtained from thermodynamic evaluation. The adsorption of MG was shown to be controlled by a combination of pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, π–π interactions and surface complexation as revealed by spectroscopic and morphological analyses. The results of this study indicate that goat bone hydrochar is a promising waste-based adsorbent and offer a feasible strategy for converting slaughterhouse waste into value-added materials for sustainable wastewater treatment.

 

goat bone hydrochar, hydrothermal carbonization, malachite green, adsorption

 

AMA Style
Patil B., Yusuf M., Gupta T., Zaid Z.A.A.A., Otaru A.J., Kolekar S. Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 2026; 28. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

ACM Style
Patil B., Yusuf M., Gupta T., Zaid Z.A.A.A., Otaru A.J., Kolekar S. 2026. Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 28. DOI:https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

ACS Style
Patil B.; Yusuf M.; Gupta T.; Zaid Z.A.A.A.; Otaru A.J.; Kolekar S. Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 2026, 28, 673-687. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

APA Style
Patil B., Yusuf M., Gupta T., Zaid Z.A.A.A., Otaru A.J., & Kolekar S. (2026). Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 28, 673-687. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

ABNT Style
PATIL B.; YUSUF M.; GUPTA T.; ZAID Z.A.A.A.; OTARU A.J.; KOLEKAR S. Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, v. 28, p. 673-687, 2026. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

Chicago Style
Bharati Patil, Mohammad Yusuf, Tripti Gupta, Zaid Abdulhamid Alhulaybi Albin Zaid, Abdulrazak Jinadu Otaru, and Sagar Kolekar. 2026. "Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization". Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 28, 673-687. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

Harvard Style
Patil B., Yusuf M., Gupta T., Zaid Z.A.A.A., Otaru A.J. and Kolekar S. (2026) "Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization", Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 28, pp. 673-687. doi:https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045

IEEE Style
B. Patil, M. Yusuf, T. Gupta, Z. A. A. A. Zaid, A. J. Otaru, and S. Kolekar, "Sustainable Goat Bone-Derived Hydrochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Malachite Green Removal: Adsorption Performance, Mechanism, and Surface Characterization", RoczOchrSrod, vol. 28, pp. 673-687. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.045