Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 2026, vol. 28, pp. 27-43

Mukesh Saini¹ This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Praveen Aggarwal² , Parveen Berwal³ This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Abdullah Faiz Al Asmari⁴ , Saiful Islam⁴

	1. Maharishi Markandeshwar, India 2. NIT, India 3. Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology, India 4. King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
	This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
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	https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

This research explores the use of data-driven modelling approaches to predict the stability and flow behaviour of bituminous concrete mixtures incorporating polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as a modifier. A total of 35 unique mix combinations were produced via the dry-mixing technique, varying both PET and bitumen contents, and tested in accordance with MoRTH and ASTM D1559 protocols. Three predictive frameworks, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Random Forest (RF), were developed using a 66:34 train-test data split. Model performance was assessed through the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). For stability estimation, RF achieved an R² of 0.9886 on the training set and 0.7902 on the test set, while ANN delivered 0.9916 and 0.9459, respectively. MLR provided a reliable yet lower R² of 0.8683 for the training data. Similar performance patterns were noted for flow value predictions. Although RF demonstrated superior accuracy during training, ANN showed better generalization on test data. MLR remained consistent and interpretable across both datasets. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning in streamlining laboratory processes and enhancing the design of PET-modified asphalt mixes, contributing to environmentally sustainable pavement engineering.

predictive modeling, machine learning, bituminous concrete, PET

AMA Style
Saini M., Aggarwal P., Berwal P., Asmari A., Islam S.. Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 2026; 28. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

ACM Style
Saini M., Aggarwal P., Berwal P., Asmari A., Islam S.. 2026. Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 28. DOI:https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

ACS Style
Saini M., Aggarwal P., Berwal P., Asmari A., Islam S., Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 2026, 28, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

APA Style
Saini M., Aggarwal P., Berwal P., Asmari A., Islam S. (2026). Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 28, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

ABNT Style
SAINI M., AGGARWAL P., BERWAL P., ASMARI A., ISLAM S.. Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, v. 28, p. 27-43, 2026. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

Chicago Style
Mukesh Saini. 2026. "Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete". Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 28, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

Harvard Style
Saini M., Aggarwal P., Berwal P., Asmari A., Islam S. (2026) "Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete", Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 28, pp. 27-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003

IEEE Style
Saini M., Aggarwal P., Berwal P., Asmari A., Islam S., "Towards Sustainable Pavement Materials: Statistical Modelling of Stability and Flow Characteristics in Recycled PET-Modified Bituminous Concrete", RoczOchrSrod, vol 28, pp. 27-43. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2026.003