Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 2025, vol. 27, pp. 635-651
Natalia Węgrzyn 
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Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland |
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https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051 |
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Volcanic monitoring is crucial for disaster risk reduction in Europe, where active volcanoes threaten populations and infrastructure. This study evaluates a time-series, meteorology-aware framework that integrates satellite-derived vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, NBR, NDMI), volcanic gas emissions (SO₂, NO₂, CO), and ground deformation (InSAR) for the early detection of unrest. Focusing on Mount Etna, we analysed ±60-day windows centred on the July and August 2024 eruptions, using multi-year climatology and upwind/off-volcano control areas to remove seasonal and anthropogenic effects. Gas observations from Sentinel-5P were quality-filtered and sampled in plume vs. upwind regions, with anthropogenic contributions masked using EDGAR/CAMS inventories. Vegetation indices from Sentinel-2 were corrected for topography and illumination and expressed as z-score anomalies relative to 2018-2023 climatology. Deformation was retrieved from multi-temporal SBAS InSAR with atmospheric delay correction (ERA5/GACOS) and GNSS colocation for motion decomposition. Results reveal consistent lead-lag patterns, with SO₂ and uplift anomalies appearing 5-15 days before NDVI and NDMI declines. Uncertainty estimates were propagated through all indicators, yielding confidence intervals for effect sizes. This approach demonstrates that freely available satellite data (Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-5P) combined with cloud-based processing platforms (Google Earth Engine, SNAP) provide a reproducible, cost-effective tool for volcanic early warning.
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volcanic activity monitoring, NDVI, EVI, NBR, NDMI, multi-sensor satellite data, lead-lag analysis, Mount Etna, InSAR SBAS, volcanic gas emissions (SO₂, CO, NO₂), plume-control differencing, anthropogenic masking, meteorology-aware sampling, eruption forecasting
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AMA Style
Węgrzyn N. Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 2025; 27. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
ACM Style
Węgrzyn, N. 2025. Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 27. DOI:https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
ACS Style
Węgrzyn, N. Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 2025, 27, 635-651. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
APA Style
Węgrzyn, N. (2025). Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 27, 635-651. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
ABNT Style
WĘGRZYN, N. Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, v. 27, p. 635-651, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
Chicago Style
Węgrzyn, Natalia. 2025. "Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna". Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 27, 635-651. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
Harvard Style
Węgrzyn, N. (2025) "Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna", Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 27, pp. 635-651. doi:https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
IEEE Style
N. Węgrzyn, "Multi-sensor Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Activity: Insights from the July-August 2024 Eruptions of Mount Etna", RoczOchrSrod, vol 27, pp. 635-651. https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2025.051
